An average percentage range for unaccounted-for water in a fully metered system is...

In a fully metered water distribution system, unaccounted-for water refers to the difference between the total amount of water produced and the amount of water that is accounted for in customer billing. This unaccounted-for water can stem from various factors such as leaks, theft, or metering inaccuracies.

An average percentage range of 11 to 15% represents a realistic estimate for unaccounted-for water in such systems. It reflects common industry standards where some loss is expected due to these factors. Particularly in older infrastructure or systems that are under stress, higher percentages can be observed, making this range a sensible choice for the total unaccounted water that utilities experience.

Lower ranges like 0 to 5% or 6 to 10% would typically indicate an exceptionally efficient system, which, while ideal, is not the norm across most municipalities. Similarly, higher ranges, such as 16 to 20%, would suggest serious issues in the system, including significant leaks or failures in data tracking. Thus, the range of 11 to 15% aligns well with typical operational experiences in the water management field, showcasing a balance between efficiency and challenges inherent in monitoring water distribution.