What is a potential health effect of high nitrate concentrations in water?

High nitrate concentrations in water can pose significant health risks, particularly for infants. When ingested, nitrates can be converted into nitrites in the body. This is particularly concerning for infants under six months old, as their gastrointestinal systems are less mature and can convert nitrates to nitrites more readily. Elevated nitrite levels can lead to a condition known as methemoglobinemia, or “blue baby syndrome,” which inhibits the blood from carrying oxygen effectively. This can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and bluish discoloration of the skin. The vulnerability of infants makes them the most at-risk group regarding high nitrate levels in drinking water, which is why this answer identifies an important health effect related to high nitrate concentrations.