Which of the following is NOT a health effect associated with trihalomethanes?

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a group of chemicals that are formed when chlorine, used for disinfecting drinking water, reacts with naturally occurring organic matter. The health effects associated with exposure to THMs are primarily linked to long-term consumption of contaminated drinking water, and these effects have been extensively studied.

Reproductive issues, kidney damage, and liver damage are documented potential health risks associated with THM exposure. Research has indicated that chronic exposure to THMs may lead to adverse reproductive outcomes such as potential fetal growth restrictions or developmental issues. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that THMs can impact kidney function and may lead to liver damage due to their toxic properties.

In contrast, skin irritation is typically not considered a direct health effect of THM exposure. While exposure to high concentrations of various chemicals can irritate the skin, the primary concerns regarding THMs are related to systemic effects from ingestion over time rather than localized skin responses. Therefore, identifying skin irritation as NOT a health effect associated with trihalomethanes aligns with the established scientific understanding of the risks involved.